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Calculations for Chapter 3.3 Ethanol
Check the calcs yourself. All sources provided below as short, 1-click PDFs. The CO2 calculation alone proves ecologists should oppose corn ethanol and back ethanol from cellulose. Don't get swindled by Bush, ADM, and the corn subsidizers.
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Ethanol
Values
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Value
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Units
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Meaning
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A
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116,090
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Btu
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1
GGE. Gasoline
Gallon Equivalent. Energy in 1 gallon of
gasoline.
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B
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76,000
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Btu
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Energy in
ethanol (1
gallon).
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C
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1.53
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gallon
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Ethanol replacement
volume (for 1
GGE of energy) = A / B
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D
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2/3
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GGE
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Ethanol energy
content (per
gallon) = B / A
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E
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0.80
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GGE
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Ethanol energy
input (for 1
GGE of ethanol)
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F
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42%
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%
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Imported input
energy (as %
of input energy) for marginal ethanol
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G
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1.23
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GGE
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Energy
needed to produce & use 1 gallon of gasoline
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H
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12%
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%
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Ethanol GHG
reduction from
Production & Use of corn ethanol in place of Production & Use of
gasoline
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I
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8228
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g (gram)
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CO2 from
burning of 1
gallon of gasoline
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J
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4855
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M gal
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Ethanol produced in
2006
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K
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7122
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Tg
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US GHG Emissions in
2006 (CO2e)
(assumes same as 2004)
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L
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29.54
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Quads
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US Net Energy Imports
in 2006
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M
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5,980,000
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Btu
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Energy in a barrel of
imported crude, 2006
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N
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12000
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M gal
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Ethanol production in
2017
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O
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1.5%
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%
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USDA estimate of 2006
ethanol replacement of crude oil imports
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P
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2.58
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$ / gal
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Wholesale ethanol
price in 2006
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Q
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1.94
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$ / gal
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Wholesale gasoline
price in 2006
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R
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1.65
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$ / gal
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Wholesale cost of
producing ethanol in 2006
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S
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0.51
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$/ gal
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Blenders credit for
ethanol, 2006
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T
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57
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˘/gal
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Avg. wholesale price
premium of ethanol over gas, 1982--2006
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U
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4.5
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B $
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Corn subsidy in
2006
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V
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20%
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%
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Percent of corn crop
used for ethanol in 2006
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W
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54
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˘/gal
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Avg. direct ethanol
subsidy 1982--2006
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X
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0.05
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$/gal
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Net value of octane,
vapor
pressure, etc. Generous; data indicates 0-3˘.
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M =
million, B = billion,
T = trillion, Quads = million billion
Btu.
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Click for
sources:
A , B, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L,M, N,
O, P,Q, R, S, T,
U, V, W, X
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Corn ethanol reduced
US imports of fossil energy by 1.1% in 2006
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Step
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Value
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Units
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Meaning
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3.7%
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%
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USDA estimate of crude
import replacement in 2016 = O x N /
J
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Ai
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0.33
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GGE
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Energy imported* to make
additional 1 GGE of ethanol. = E x F
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Bi
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0.90
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GGE
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Net imported-fossil
savings from replacing 1 GGE of gasoline. =
G − Ai
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Ci
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1.11
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GGE
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Ethanol needed to save 1
GGE of imported fossil energy. = 1 /
Bi
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Di
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1.70
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gallons
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Ethanol to save 1 GGE of
imported energy. = C x Ci
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Ei
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2.85
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B GGE
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Imported fossil energy
saved with ethanol. J / Di / 1000.
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Fi
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254
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B GGE
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Imported fossil
energy. = 1,000,000 x L / A
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Gi
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1.1%
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%
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Percent savings of
imported fossil energy,
2006.
= Ei / Fi
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Hi
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51.5
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%
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GGE / Barrel of crude
oil, 2006. = M / A
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Ii
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88
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gallons
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Gallons of ethanol to
save energy in barrel of crude,
2006.
= Hi x Di
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Ji
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2.8%
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%
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Fossil energy import
replacement by 2016 = Gi x N / J
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See "Ethanol Values"
above for inputs A -- W.
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* Marginal ethanol
analysis. Gasoline is made half from US oil and half from imported oil,
but when a gallon of it is replace by ethanol, we say the whole gallon
was imported. This makes sense because, when we need more oil, we import
it—we’re producing as much as we can.
The same is true for
natural gas. Some of it is produced domestically, and some imported, but
when more is need to produce ethanol, we import it. Since 42% of the
non-corn energy used to make ethanol is natural gas or oil, that much
more must be imported when ethanol is produced. This works against
energy independence.
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Corn ethanol reduced
US GHG emissions by 1/19 of 1% in 2006
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Step
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Value
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Units
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Meaning
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Ag
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10,120
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grams
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CO2 saved by not
producing & using 1 gallon of gasoline.
= G x I
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Bg
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1,214
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grams
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CO2 saved by using 1 GGE
ethanol instead of gasoline. = H x Ag
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Cg
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795
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grams
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CO2 saved by using 1
gallon of ethanol. = Bg / C
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Dg
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3,860
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B grams
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CO2 saved by 2006 ethanol
production. = J x Cg / 1000
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Eg
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0.054%
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%
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Reduction in GHG from
ethanol production,
2006.
= Dg / (1000 x K)
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Fg
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0.13%
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%
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Total GHG reduction by
2016 = Eg x N / J
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Gg
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1,258
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gallons
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Ethanol required to save
1 metric ton CO2e. = 1,000,000 / Cg
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B =
billion. See "Ethanol Values" below for
inputs G, I, H, C, J & K.
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Subsidies and costs of
reductions
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As
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0.9
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B $
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Corn subsidy for ethanol
corn in 2006 = U x V
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Bs
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2.5
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B $
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Blender's-Credit subsidy
in 2006 = J x S
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Cs
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2.07
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$ / gal
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Wholesale ethanol price
adjusted for blender's credit, 2006 = P −
S
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Ds
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1.27
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$ / gal
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Competitive (energy
equivalent) wholesale price of ethanol, 2006
= Q x D
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Es
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1.32
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$ / gal
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Energy-equivalent rack
price + "octane premium," 2006 = Ds + X
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Fs
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0.75
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$ / gal
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Indirect subsidy due to
ethanol price premium, 2006. = Cs −
Es
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Gs
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3.6
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B $
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Total implicit subsidy in
2006. = Fs x J / 1000
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Hs
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7.0
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B $
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Total subsidy,
2006 = As + Bs +
Gs
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Is
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1.45
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$ / gal
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Subsidy per gallon of
ethanol. = Hs / J / 1000
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Js
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2.21
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$ / gal
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Subsidy per gallon of
gasoline replaced. = Is x C
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Ks
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0.33
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$ / gal
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Social Cost per gallon of
ethanol (production cost−value), 2006. = R −
Es
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Ls
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127
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$ / bbl
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Subsidy per barrel of
crude oil saved. = Is x Ii
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Ms
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29
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$ / bbl
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Extra Social Cost per
barrel of crude saved. = Ks x Ii
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Ns
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1818
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$ / t
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Subsidy per metric ton
CO2e save. = Is x Gg
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Os
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415
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$ / t
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Social Cost per metric
ton CO2e saved. = Ks x Gg
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Ps
|
1.6
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B $
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Total social cost of
ethanol, 2006. = Ks x J / 1000
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Qs
|
5.4
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B $
|
Windfall profits from
subsides, 2006. = Hs − Ps
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http://zfacts.com/p/736.html | 01/18/12 07:17 GMT
Modified: Wed, 02 May 2007 16:49:32 GMT
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